The overview of Iran’s decades-long tension and proxy warfare since the 1979 Islamic Revolution
1. The 1979 Islamic Revolution & Regional Strategy
The overthrow of the Shah in 1979 marked a radical ideological shift: Iran embraced an Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Khomeini and adopted a revolutionary foreign policy aimed at challenging Western influence and supporting "Islamic resistance" regimes
Practically isolated, Iran turned to non-state actors to extend its reach and project power, laying the foundation for its proxy network across the region.
2. . Foundation of Hezbollah in Lebanon (Early 1980s)
In response to Israel’s 1982 invasion of Lebanon, Iran’s IRGC Quds Force helped found Hezbollah around 1982–85, providing training, finances, and political guidance based on the theocratic model
Since then, Hezbollah has received up to $700 million–1 billion annually from Tehran and developed a sizable rocket force—making it a central pillar in Iran’s strategic deterrence
Iranian support—including financial aid, the deployment of Revolutionary Guards, and military training—has been instrumental in the formation and growth of Hezbollah. Since its inception, Hezbollah has operated as a key Iranian proxy and is widely seen as a core member of the so-called "Axis of Resistance."
Founded in 1982, Hezbollah emerged as a Shi'ite militant group in Lebanon with direct backing from Iran. Its founders embraced the ideological framework of Ayatollah Khomeini following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, and Iranian Revolutionary Guards played a central role in training its early forces. In 1985, Hezbollah formally aligned itself with the Iranian regime, cementing a strategic partnership that has remained strong ever since.
For Iran, the relationship with Hezbollah is strategically vital. It enables Tehran to project influence across the Levant, apply pressure on Israel and the United States, deter efforts aimed at regime change, and advance its ideological and geopolitical agenda.
Hezbollah receives extensive financial assistance from Iran, with annual estimates ranging from $700 million to $1 billion. Beyond funding, Iran also supplies Hezbollah with weapons, training, and logistical support.
3. Early Ties with Palestinian Groups (1990s–2000s)
From the early 1990s, Iran began funding and equipping Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, initially providing tens of millions annually and later escalating to $100–200 million yearly, including military training and weapons transfers.
Key figures such as Qasem Soleimani and Imad Mughniyeh played vital roles in linking the network of Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and Hezbollah, enhancing alignment in tactics and ideology
4. Expansion into Iraq & Syria (2003 Onward)
After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, Iran supported Shiite militias like Kataib Hezbollah and Asaib Ahl al-Haq through funding, training, and logistics—helping drive out U.S. forces and expand its influence in Iraq
Since the Syrian Civil War began in 2011, Iran—via the IRGC and Hezbollah—deployed tens of thousands of fighters to back Assad. It also established proxies like Fatemiyoun (Afghan) and Zaynabiyoun (Pakistani) brigades to bolster its regional foothold
5. Yemen & the Red Sea Front (2014 Onward)
Iran supported Houthi rebels in Yemen with weaponry and ballistic-missile know-how starting around 2014–15, enabling them to threaten shipping lanes in the Red Sea and strike at Saudi interests—a strategic front against Israel and Gulf states.
6. Sustained Support & Proxy Network
Iran under Khamenei allocates billions yearly (est. $16 billion between 2012–20) to finance, train, and arm its proxies. Sanctions targeting this network—imposed since 1995 and intensified under Trump—have limited effect on Iran’s ability to sustain it .
This cohesion forms Iran’s so-called "Axis of Resistance"—bringing together Hezbollah, Hamas, Iraqi militias, Syrian government forces, and the Houthis in coordinated ideological, political, and military synergy
7. Proxy Warfare in Action
Hezbollah–Israel wars: Especially in 2006—the 33-day war showed Hezbollah’s growing military arsenal and Iran’s backup despite civilian costs
Syrian conflict (2011–): IRGC-backed forces helped crush rebel groups; Hezbollah expanded its influence onto Israel’s border .
Iraqi insurgency: Iran-backed militia attacks on U.S. troops during 2000s and post-ISIS periods destabilized American presence in Iraq
Yemen war: Houthi missile/drone strikes linked to Iranian support brought the conflict into the Red Sea and broader Gulf security matrix.
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